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This called my attention! how does hormones secreted by glands affects bodily processes? Well, it helped me realized how wonderful body is. We must seek information about different hormones our body produces and their reaction to particular body parts and to the entire system. How will this hormones react if there is presence of alterations? The following information will help us enlighten our minds when it comes to endocrine system.
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| Figure 1: Taken from http://www.macronutrients.net/homeostasis Image shows the homeostasis
Is an existence and maintenance of a quite constant
environment within the body. Maintenance shows like a balance plane which
everything should be stable to attain proper condition.
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Homeostasis depends on the exact regulation of the organs and organ systems of the body. Among the rest of the system in our body, the nervous and endocrine system that is being responsible in functioning regulation. As they work together they regulate and coordinate in the activity of most of all the body structure. When homeostasis is not maintained leading to discrepancy. Some of the discrepancies results to diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus and Addison’s disease. During early time’s endocrine diseases has no effective treatment and diagnosis. People having condition often died. Now many treatments are available to treat endocrine diseases. Numerous studies and diagnosis helps to promote life and could prevent death
The regulatory functions of the nervous and endocrine system
are similar in some aspect, but differ some important ways. The nervous system controls
the activity of the tissues by transporting action potentials along the axon,
which release chemical signals at their endings, near the cells they
manipulate. The endocrine releases chemical signals in the circulatory system,
which carries them throughout the body. Those cells that received chemical
signal will produce responses.
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| Source: http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/The_Pituitary.html |
Overview of the pituitary gland, hormones secreted by the pituitary gland, and their target tissues.
Endocrine system is a communication network which release chemical that sends message throughout the circulation via blood stream. Its job is to excrete chemicals and hormone via blood and influence the performance or regulation of the tissue and organ of the work in specific ways.
Endocrine System
Source: http://britannica.com
Endocrine system
serves multiple regulatory function some of them are including: water balance
in which it system regulates by controlling the concentration of solute in the
blood; uterine contraction and milk excretion in which system regulate the
contraction of the uterus during child’s delivery and milk excretion in which
helps to increase release of milk in the breast of lactating women; It modulates Na, K, Ca ion content in the blood; it helps
to control immune system by promoting the function and production of immune
cells which helps to fight against harmful predators; and it also promote
growth, metabolism and tissue maturation in which the system helps to regulate
the development of tissues such as bones and muscles. It helps also in increase
metabolism of body tissues and it also participate in development of physical
and emotional properties.
Tabulation of Endocrine Glands, Hormones and their Target
tissues
Glands
|
Hormones
|
Target Tissue
|
Response
|
Pituitary Gland (Anterior)
|
Tyroid
stimulating hormone(TSH)
|
Thyroid
gland
|
Increases
thyroid hormone secreted(thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
|
Adenocorticotropichormone(ACTH)
|
Adrenal cortex
|
Increases
secretion of glucocoticoids hormones such as cortisol; increases skin pigmentation
at high concentration.
|
|
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone(MSH)
|
Melanocytes
in skin
|
Increases
melanin production in melanocytes to make the skin darker in color
|
|
Luteinizing
hormone
|
Ovary in
female, testis in male
|
Promotes
ovulation and progesterone production in the ovary ; testosterone synthesis
and support for sperm cell production
in testis.
|
|
Follicle-stimulating
hormone(FSH)
|
Follicles
in ovary in females, seminiferous tubules in male
|
Promotes
follicle maturation and estrogen
secretion in ovary; sperm cell production in testis.
|
|
Prolactin
|
Ovary and
mammary gland in females, testis in males
|
Stimulates
milk production and prolongs progesterone secretionfollowing ovulation and
during pregnancy in women; increases sensitivity to LH in males.
|
|
Growth
hormone
|
Most
tissues
|
Increase
protein synthesis, breakdown of lipids, and release of the fatty acids from
cells: increase blood glucose level
|
|
Pituitary Gland (Posterior)
|
Oxytocin
|
Uterus
Mammary
gland
|
Increases
uterine contraction
Increases
milk down from mammary glands
|
Antidiuretic
hormone(ADH)
|
Kidney
|
Increases
water re-absorption ( less H2O is lost as urine)
|
|
Thyroid glands
|
Thyroid hormones
|
Most cells
of the body
|
Increases
metabolic rates, essential for normal process of growth and maturation.
|
Calcitonin
|
Primarily
bone
|
Decrease
rate of bone breakdown; prevents large increase in blood Ca
 levels following a meal |
|
Parathyroid glands
|
Parathyroid
hormone
|
Bone,
kidney
|
Increases
bone breakdown by osteoclasts; increases vitamin D synthesis, essential for maintenance
of the normal blood calcium levels
|
Adrenal medulla
|
Epinephrine
mostly, some nor epinephrine
|
Heart,
blood vessels, liver, fat cells
|
Increases
cardiac output; increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart; increases
release of glucose and fatty acids into blood; in general, prepares the body
for physical activity
|
Adrenal cortex
|
Mineralocorticoids
|
Kidneys;
to lesser degree, intestine and sweat glands
|
Increases
rate of sodium transport into body; increases potassium excretion;
secondarily favour water retention
|
Glucocorticoids
|
Most tissues(e.g.,
liver, fats, skeletal muscles, immune tissues)
|
Increases
fats and protein breakdown; increases glucose synthesis from amino acids;
increases blood nutrient levels ; inhibits inflammation and immune response
|
|
Adrenal androgens
|
Most tissues
|
Insignificant
in males; increases female sexual drive, pubic hair and axillary hair growth
|
|
pancreas
|
Insulin
|
Especially
liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
|
Increases
uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
|
Glucagon
|
Primarily
liver
|
Increases
breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the circulatory system.
|
|
Reproductive organs
|
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Testes
|
Testosterone
|
Most tissues
|
Aid in
sperm production, maintenance of functional reproductive organs , secondary
sexual characteristics , and sexual behavior.
|
Ovaries
|
Estrogen
and progesterone
|
Most tissues
|
Aid in
uterine and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia
structure, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual behaviors, and menstrual cycle
|
Uterus, ovaries, inflamed tissues
|
Prostaglandins
|
Most tissues
|
Mediate inflammatory
responses; increases uterine contractions, and ovulation
|
Thymus gland
|
Thymosin
|
Immune tissues
|
Promotes
immune system development and structure
|
Pineal gland
|
Melatonin
|
At least
the hypotalamus
|
Inhibits
secretion of gonaotrophin-releasing hormones, thereby inhibiting reproduction
|
REFERENCE:
Rod R. Seeley, Trent D. Stephens and Philip Tate, Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 6th edition
Donald F. Calbreath, Clinical Chemistry: A Fundamental Text
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